Separation of Powers in the Uk Free Essays

This essay will seek to analyse the doctrine of the separation of powers and the importance of its presence within a constitution. Particular emphasis will be placed on identifying how this idea is incorporated into the United Kingdom’s (UK) constitution and the effect that recent developments of constitutional reform such as the introduction of the UK Supreme Court in place of the House of Lords has had. The doctrine of the separation of powers is an idea that can be seen in writings as far back as the time of Aristotle. We will write a custom essay sample on Separation of Powers in the Uk or any similar topic only for you Order Now This concept states that any constitution relies on the ‘three pillars of state’ which are the executive, legislative and judiciary. Montesquieu formulated this concept in the eighteenth century and in ‘L’Esprit des Lois’ wrote; â€Å"All would be lost if the same man or the same body of principle of men, either of nobles, or of the people, exercised these three powers: that of making laws, that of executing public resolutions, and that of judging the crimes or the disputes of individuals. Montesquieu’s writing sums up the idea that if in any constitution at one time, more than one of these powers are controlled by the same ‘man’ or ‘body of men’ then the power instigated becomes arbitrary and to effect a dictatorship. These three powers can be seen within the UK’s constitution, the Government (executive), Parliament (legislature) and the Courts (judiciary). The UK has been criticised suggesting that there is n o separation of powers within our constitution due to its un-codified and thus unclear nature making it hard to establish three independent bodies. This was the case for a number of reasons; firstly within the UK there are overlaps between the so called ‘powers of state’ an example of this is the set-up of government. Members of the Prime Ministers Cabinet are also Members of Parliament who have executive powers aside being able to vote in parliament, that in turn creates a direct overlap between executive and legislative powers. This can be seen as recently as this year with members of the Cabinet like Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg having executive powers whilst being able to vote in Parliament on the Tuition Fees Bill 2010. The courts also appear to exercise legislative functions along with their judicial roles through means of the common law. Judges for years have been creating and changing laws as they see fit and still to this day have the power to make binding precedents. However, the position of Lord Chancellor was regularly criticised as it held presence in all three of the ‘pillars of state’. It would appear from this that indeed the United Kingdom does not exercise the concept of separation of powers. In February 2004 the House of Lords introduced what was eventually to be The Constitutional Reform Act 2005 . This act looked to tackle two of the perceived main criticisms of the UK constitution namely the role of Lord Chancellor and to bring in a Supreme Court to take over the role of the appellate committee of the House of Lords in the judiciary as prior to this members of the House of Lords were members of both the legislature and the judiciary. The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom was thereby opened in 2009 however; it would appear questionable as to whether it has really brought around a separation of powers. If a logical approach is taken then this introduction of a new chamber has made a big change to the constitution as no longer would it be possible for law lords to sit in the judiciary and vote in parliament however, if we take an alternative view then the Supreme Court has not really changed anything within the UK’s constitution. Due to the unwritten format of our constitution it is known that many laws and procedures that countries such as the USA (who possess a written constitution) have backed up by the documented constitution itself, we very much rely on the role of convention, habit and tradition to hold the three powers in check. It has very much been convention that from before 2006 the law lords that sit in the appellate committee of the House of Lords refrain from sitting in political matters whereas; members of the Lords who exercise political functions do not participate with any matters of the judiciary. True, the introduction of the Supreme Court has made it impossible for the legislative and judicial powers to be fused as members appointed within the Supreme Court will no longer be members of the House of Lords thus making this house of Parliament solely legislative. Perhaps a more important development is that future members of the Supreme Court need not even be peers which could in time sever any link between the two chambers. The act also placed restraints on the role of the Lord Chancellor that have met the same feeling as that of the Supreme Court, whilst yes these changes are positive, the question remains were they necessary? The introduction of the UK Supreme Court is a positive step to incorporate not only more written sources to the constitution but towards properly establishing a separation of powers within the UK. However, it can be suggested that a more appropriate step to chieving this goal would be to approach different issues and ones that don’t have constraints such as being governed by convention, that continue to work against any positive steps taken to establish a separation of powers within the state. The fact that Cabinet members can vote in parliament is a direct overlap between two of the powers and maybe reform of this area should be considered as well. Perhaps the whole set up of our countries elective system is in need of reform as any party that commands a majority could effectively pass any bill they like without opposition. Tony Blair as the head of the Labour government in 1997 enjoyed such domination of parliament. The use of the Royal Prerogative has been described as ‘unconstitutional’ and came under scrutiny when Tony Blair supported the USA in the Iraq War and sent British soldiers to war. These majority governments have been described as ‘elective dictatorships’, and these are but a few examples of many things that work against our country ever having a true and complete separation of powers. The establishment of the Supreme Court in October 2009 and the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 appears to have sparked willingness for change. This could be seen in the 2010 General Election where clear emphasis was placed on constitutional reform by each major party, to mention but one is the Liberal Democrats pledge to attempt to remove the first past the post voting system to be replaced by proportional representation. The Con-Lib coalition government of 2010 has recently created a five year fixed term parliament which places the next general election on the first Thursday of May 2015. These are all changes that will eventually contribute to creating a separation of powers and to positively change the constitution. It can be seen from this that the introduction of the new Supreme Court has made a big step towards bringing about a true separation of powers in the UK. Regardless of the conventions that the House of Lords and appellate committee followed, the Supreme Court has severed any link between the judiciary and parliament. This is particularly important in present times as the rise in claims of judicial review require a completely impartial court in order to enable the judiciary to keep check of the legislative and executive branches of state and to uphold constitutional justice. It is also clear that there is at best a partial separation of power in the UK which is important to retain but it could not be said that we have incorporated this concept wholly and much more will be done over time to establish a more stable constitution for future governments. Constitutional reform in itself is not a simple task and examples of this can be seen in countries such as Bosnia who are currently struggling with reformations, which really does highlight the enormity of creating a Supreme Court and re-identifying the judicial branch of the UK. Whilst there is currently only a partial separation of powers in the UK for now, this may be starting to change. 1491 Words. Bibliography †¢Neil Parpworth, Constitutional Administrative Law (6th Edition, Oxford University Press, 2010). †¢Anthony King, The British Constitution (Oxford University Press, 2007). †¢Jeffrey Jowell and Dawn Oliver, The Changing Constitution (6th Edition, Oxford University Press, 2007). †¢Vernon Bogdanor, The New British Constitution (Hart Publishing, 2009). †¢http://www. energyobserver. com/tekst-e. php? lang=2ID=1072 accessed 07/01/2011 14:07. †¢ accessed 07/01/2011 15:36. How to cite Separation of Powers in the Uk, Papers

Public Relation

Question: Analysis of four Articles in terms of CRAAP. Answer: First article: The first article has been published in the year 2016 of 26th September regarding Jolie and Brad Pitt divorce issue. This particular issue has become one of the most significant news at the current time. It is not only the matter of strange for media; the people in general also have become astonished due to the divorce news of Pitt and Angelia (nst.com.my 2016). Second article: The second article has been published in 13th September of 2016. This particular article has also made a wide range of significance at the current era due to the entry of Angelina in action movie. Tom Cruise wrote the actual script. That is one of the most effective reasons, due to which this particular news has drawn the attention of a large number of readers at the current time. The currency of the news is completely updated. The print and television media has made a wide range of coverage when the journalists have to know the all the stunts done by Jolie are real (nst.com.my 2016). Third article: The third article is has been published in 24th September of 2016. Jolie has hired Laura Wasser, the familiar divorce specialist in order to handle Jolie-Pitt cases. Therefore, this particular news have carried a high significance in todays current scenario. In this article, the divorce case of Jolie is intimately associated. Laura Wasser is the most reputed lawyer who primarily deals with the divorce cases of celebrity clients. In order to know the further progress of Jolie regarding the divorce case, the importance of Laura Wasser has become significant in the current market (nytimes.com 2016). Fourth article: This particular article has been published in the year 2016 of September. Currently the divorce case of Pitt and Jolie has become a wide matter of discussion. The most recognizable celebrity is going to change their separate track. Based on this particular issue the media has made a wide range of coverage. People in general tend to show eager importance on the next step of Pitt- and Jolie. That is one of the most important reasons, due to which media houses intends to present this story from different perspective to the readers. As per the currency, this specific article is out an out updated among the hardcore spicy news of Hollywood (thestar.com 2016). Relevance: First article: This particular article is completely relevant to the current era though the information is controversial. Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt have immense contribution in the realm of Hollywood industry. Apart from that, after getting married this particular couple has already shown their happy conjugal life for several years. Recently, the news of divorce has been announced on behalf of Jolie. As a result, the entire reaction from the fans and following were massive (Berkman, Kawachi and Glymour 2014). Therefore, with the help of this particular article the interested readers would get to know the further progress of their life. Therefore, from this perspective, the relevance of this specific article is out an out justified. Second article: The second article is not relevant to the topic of other three articles. In the second article an in-depth analysis has been provided regarding the action thrilling project that Jolie has currently dealt with. This particular article is not up to the context of Pitt-Angelina relationship. The entire article is dealing with on how Angelia has made the practical stunts in this specific movie. Therefore, the readers have not received any information about the personal dilemma of Jolie and Pitt. As a result, the significance of the article has failed to fulfill needs and demands of readers. From that perspective, the second article is irrelevant to some extent. Third article: As per the matter of relevance, the third article has made a matter of argument on whether this particular article is relevant for the current context or not. Apparently, the content of the third article is dealing with the divorce issue based on which a large number of fan followings are early waiting to know the further progress of Brangelina. On the other hand, the article is primarily dealing with Jolies decision on hiring Laura Wasser as the divorce specialist. Brulle, Carmichael and Jenkins (2012) opined that this particular article is not very much relevant to the context of current issue. Readers are more interested to know the reasons of why Brangelina has decided to take such drastic step Fourth article: The fourth article primarily deals with some of the relevant points of Brangelina divorce issue. The readers somehow after going through this particular article have come to know the probable reasons of filling divorce on behalf of both the Holly couple (Verhoeven et al. 2012). After having twelve years courtship and two years married life the ultimately relationship does not stay to the end. The report says that third person is not the primary reason for these particular mishaps. Kids conflict is the major issues due to which Brangelina decided to choose the two separate tracks. Therefore, this particular article from this point of view is out an out relevant. After evaluating the essence of this article that is divorcing A-listers Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie turn out to be just as boring as the rest of us: Menon, the readers have received an overall view about the probable reasons of divorce issue of Hollywoods most heart-throbbing couple Angelina and Brad Pitt. Authority: First article: The staff reporter of New Straits Times Online has published this particular article. The author in this particular article has made a controversial heading so that the individual can draw the attention of readers (Coombs and Holladay 2013). The overarching heading, Jolie should ask for spousal support has created a huge response in the mind of Hollywood industry lovers. The author was competent enough to portray the conjugal life chemistry of Brad Pitt and Angelia Jolie. At the same time, it is also undeniable that the author has not clearly mentioned the actual problem that the married couple had faced in their day-to-day life. Therefore, from the perspective of readers the author could have written the entire article about the further progress of Jolie life. Here, the article has provided whether Jolie should ask for her spousal support or not. Second article: Dennis Chua in New Straits Times Online has published the second article. This particular article has focused to show the versatility and artistry of Jolie. The author has stated that the entire stunts throughout the movie have been conducted really without having an effective touch of digital environment (Cutlip 2013). In this article, the author has provided enough information regarding the current thriller so that the spectators can show their interest to go towards cinema hall. Third article: Laura Holson has developed the third article in New York Times regarding the further process of divorce issue of most energetic Hollywood married couple Brad Pitt and Angelina. In this specific article, the author has primarily focused to highlight why Jolie has chosen Laura Wasser as her prosecutor rather than choosing others. Here, Halson has primarily focused to highlight some of the major quotations of Wasser and his efficiency (Cutlip 2013). The readers are deprived of knowing an in-depth analysis about reasons of Brangelina break up. The fans and followings do not like to purchase the newspaper to know whom Jolie has hired for defending her divorce case. Rather, the readers are more interested to know what actually happened between the minds of two energetic couple. Fourth article: The fourth article has been published in thestar.com regarding some of the expected reasons of forming divorce file on Jolie and Pitt issue. After publishing the news, the author has drawn an effective attention to the large number of readers. The author by maintaining a simple approach has stated that kids conflict had become a serious issue due to which Pitt and Jolie has decided to choose the different track in their pathways of life. Therefore, the author has provided that kind of information in this article that helps to enhance the quality of news publication. Accuracy: First article: Dozier, Grunig and Grunig (2013) stated that the information that the author has provided in the first article has not been considered accurate and relevant to the current context. The author while presenting the news has used some of the personal comment like celebrities are not like common people, and when the whole world is watching, you become an example or a role model. People have shown a controversial comment on one more quotation made by the author in this article (Verhoeven et al. 2012). The comment includes Jolie should ask for spousal support. Jolie herself is successful enough to maintain her daily life successfully as she has already occupied a predominant place in the realm of Hollywood industry. Therefore, she does not need a financial support from Pitt. Second article: The second article provides an in-depth analysis on how the viewers would see Jolie in different character and different level of craft. Jolie has taken a challenge by showing herself in action and thrills on screen. The heroine has done practical stunts in this particular movie. Therefore, the author has presented the entire article in such a way that readers would get an in-depth overview about the movie. Third article: In the third article, the author has focused to discuss on the further progress and steps that Jolie has taken after making the divorce file (Geels 2013). It has been observed that the author has mentioned the background of lawyer whom Jolie has hired for defending her issue. This particular article is more based on information rather than proper data. The point of view of Wasser has been presented throughout the article. The author has avoided mentioning on how Jolie wishes to proceed regarding the divorce issue with the help of most recognizable lawyer Wasser. Fourth article: The fourth article is dealing with some of the expected possibilities of why Branjelina have decided to become separate from each other. The author has presented the news in such a way that readers tend to show their attention on it (Verhoeven et al. 2012). At the same time, it is alsoe publi undeniable that the information that have been provided in this article is not accurate up to the point. The author has presented the story to makcity stunt. Therefore, some of the fictitious information has also been provided throughout the entire story. Purpose: First article: The purpose of the first article is to provide a critical analysis on whether a woman should depend on her spouse after being separated from the relation. In this particular case, Jolie is successful enough to maintain her life successfully and happily after being separated from Pitt even. Based on the article Grunig, Hon and Toth (2013) commented that Jolie certainly does not need any kind of financial dependence from her husband due to her economic strength. If the same thing could be happen with any other ordinary woman, she had to take a financial co-operation from her husband in order to build the future career of her and her children as well. Second article: The purpose of the second article is to highlight the talent and versatility of Jolie that she is possessed with for becoming a recognizable actress all over the world. As per the article it is clear and evident that Jolie have done a wonderful job in this particular movie that can render a special image and reorganization in the domain of film industry. At the same time, Hendrix, Hayes and Kumar (2012) opined that the author could focus on the script of the film as well rather than showing the versatility of Jolie. Third article: In the third article, the purpose of the author was to highlight the importance of an eminent lawyer who would help and guide in future to overcome the crisis like divorce. Jolie had hired Wasser who was primarily famous for dealing with the divorce cases of celebrities. Based on this particular article, Hinson (2012) stated that this particular news was unable to draw readers attention. The author has primarily focused to discuss on personal comment of that particular lawyer rather than focusing on Jolies necessary steps and decision regarding the plan of future of that Hollywood couple. Fourth article: The purpose of the fourth article is to focus on the probable reasons of divorce of Hollywoods most happening couple Branjenia. In this article, the author has clearly mentioned that kids conflict is one of the most important reasons of separation of Branjenia. As per the point of view of Mingst and Arregun-Toft (2013), it has been observed that this particular article has presented the entire story in such a way that readers have intended to enjoy the taste of spice. At the same time, the author has intended to add some of the fictitious information in this article to catch readers attention. For an example, the expression like a conflict over the kids, substance abuse and anger is not possessed with any particular valid evidence. Grammar: First article: In the first article thee author has not made any kind of grammatical error. In addition, every sentence has been constructed by maintaining a lucid and simple language. Second article: The second article is possessed with correct grammar and sentence construction. At the same time, it is undeniable that the entire article is surrounded with complicated ways of expression which could be avoided. Third article: In the third article, the author has chosen clear and complete construction based on which the readers do not have to face any kind of issue while going through the article. Fourth article: In the fourth article, the author has used little bit complicated sentence by maintaining accurate grammar throughout the entire article. Vocabulary: First article: After evaluating the first article, it can be stated that this particular author is possessed with huge stock of vocabulary. The selection of word has enhanced the standard of article and provided a distinct look in front of thee readers (Verhoeven et al. 2012). The vocabularies like congenial, dissolution, passionate are appropriate for this specific article. Second article: The use of vocabulary on the second article is also commendable. The author has used some of the words in order to draw the attention of readers. The selection of words in this article includes handcuffs, strangles, disguise, undergoes and many more. Third article: The third article is also endowed with good selection of vocabulary like penchant, unorthodox and many more. The author has used those words in such a way that readers have showed their interest for going through the article. Fourth article: In the fourth article, the author has used some effective vocabulary that helps the readers to enhance their knowledge and skill as well. In addition, the entire article has made distinct look after using those words and phrases. Language: First article: In the first article, the author has used simple and lucid sentences due to which the readers did not have to struggle for searching a full stop. The target consumer of this particular was not restricted to literate persons. People in general were successful to understand the essence of this article. Second article: The genre of second article is little bit different from the first one. In this particular article the author has used completed sentences based on which the readers had to struggle while understanding the entire essence of the news. Third article: In the third article, as well the author has used complicated sentences based on which readers have showed their level of dissatisfaction. People from various background did not understand the news story properly. As a result, the number of target consumers has been reduced. Fourth article: In the fourth article, the author has focused to draw the attention of a large number of readers (Verhoeven et al. 2012). Therefore, the author has maintained out an out simple language based on which the readers have enjoyed the taste of news. Theory: First article: The first article was based on direct method. Whenever an individual reader would like to go through the entire news story the reader would be able to understand a message that the author wants to convey. Second article: In the second article, as well the author has used the direct method. The readers would not be able to understand the purpose of the news story unless an individual tends to go through the entire article. Third article: The third article is dealing with communicative method with the help of which the author has expressed their point of views as well as the opinion of lawyer (Newsom, Turk and Kruckeberg 2012). Without using the communicative approach, the author would never be able to maintain a balance between the opinion of author as well as lawyer. Fourth article: In the fourth article thee author has used interactive theory based on which the readers would be able to interact with the write while reading this particular article (Wright and Hinson 2013). Based on the interactive theory, the author has presented the article in interrogative as well as assertive pattern. Proofreading and recommendation: Article 1: After proofreading the entire content of article one it can be recommended that the author can have started the sentence in more attractive way so that readers tend to show their interest for going through the entire article until the end (Purce 2014). At the same time, the author should avoid some biased comments such as Celebrities are not like common people, and when the whole world is watching, you become an example and a role model. This particular comment may render a bridge between common people and celebrities. In article two, the author could have presented the entire story in different way. The story that has been presented in front of the readers in very much technical way. The readers may not be accustomed with those kinds of technical terms. Therefore, the author should choose terminologies in such a way that readers feel comfortable to go through. Article 3: Article three is endowed with personal comment of Jolies lawyer (Spicer 2013). The author should avoid frequent quotation so that the monotonous flow of rhythm can be broken. More information is needed in order to provide a quality article to the readers. Article 4: In article four, the entire approach of the author looks quite controversial that may hamper the image and reputation of the news publication (Sethi 2012). In this particular article, the author has presented some of the probable reasons due to which the two legends have decided to be separated. Therefore, the author should be conscious of stating any kind of biased comment that may hamper the entire rhythm of article. Rewrite article: Article 1: Title: Divorce Petition broke epic conjugal rapport of Branjelina 12 years courtship and 2 years married history have ultimately faced a drastic consequence after the announcement of divorce of two recognizable Hollywood celebrity couple Angelina Jolie and Brad Pitt. Initially it seemed to be a rumor as a large number of celebrity couple has considered the chemistry of Branjelia as ideal. Both of them have left immense contribution for enhancing the image and reputation of Hollywood industry. Jolie has not intended to make any personal comment exactly why the couple has taken this drastic decision. In her divorce petition, Jolie may have asked for spousal support for the future development of her and their children as well. Jolie has already created a distinct image from her contemporary as well as from the future generation as well due to her excellent capability for balancing both the personal and professional life. On the other hand, this marriage would never get the stature of perfect marriage without the flawless effort of Pitt. May of the contemporary have witnessed the passionate and dedicated approach that Branjelina tends to show towards each other. Caption: What went wrong on Branjelina Celebrities being a public figure have to become more responsible before taking a single step, be it professional or personal. After taking the decision of divorce, the particular news have darwn the attention of large number of fan following not only surrounding the Hollywood industry but also surrounding the globe. While leading a married life few seemed to be happy and satisfying with the activities of each other. Branjelina chemistry had been considered as one of them who showed their respect and dedication towards each as long as they were together. The definition of love is never ending. People are always in quest of love and affection. The reason of breaking the relation of this Hollywood couple has still remained in a question mark to the people. Reference Austin, E.W. and Pinkleton, B.E., 2015.Strategic Public Relations Management: Planning and Managing Effective Communication Campaigns(Vol. 10). Routledge. 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[online] Available at: https://www.thestarcom/entertainment/2016/09/20/divorcing-a-listers-brad-pitt-and-angelinalolie-turn-out-to-belust-as-boring-as-the-rest-of-us-nnenon.html [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016]. Verhoeven, P., Tench, R., Zerfass, A., Moreno, A. and Ver?i?, D., 2012. How European PR practitioners handle digital and social media.Public Relations Review,38(1), pp.162-164. Wright, D.K. and Hinson, M.D., 2013. An updated examination of social and emerging media use in public relations practice: A longitudinal analysis between 2006 and 2014.Public Relations Journal,7(3), pp.1-39. www.nytimes.com (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/21/fashion/angelina-jolie-brad-pitt-diyorce.html? _r=1 [Accessed 2 Dec. 2016].

Russian History Essays - Russian Nationalism,

Russian History Russian History Russia has always played a major roll in global politics, economics and thought. However, in the past two centuries, Russia has had probably the greatest influence on the international world in modern times, surpassed only by the United States. The Russia that we've known this century though, has its roots in last centuries Russian. At the end of the nineteenth century, Russia experienced great changes internally, politically, socially and spiritually. The half century leading up to the Communist revolution in 1917 was a time filled with sweeping changes, literary triumphs and military defeat. All of these factors played in the eventual revolution and not only affected politics and thought in Russia, but in every nation on earth. After the defeat of the Russian army in the Crimean War, Russian realized that it needed to modernize its country, socially and militarily. Alexander II realized that to modernize mean that Russia needed to westernize. So in 1861 he emancipated the serfs from bondage. The emancipation was mean to bridge the gap between the elite and the general population, but was not the first of such liberal western type reforms. Catherine and Peter the Great had also made western type reforms during their respective reigns. All of their reforms, and especially Alexander's, were influenced by western thought. These thought were introduced into Russia by its Western European educated ruling class. Under Alexander II, the ruling class began to see serfdom as an immoral part of society. This moral problem was accompanied by the economics of the day, and the ethical conclusion was that serfdom must be dismantled. The abolition of serfdom was Alexander II greatest contribution to history. However, the 'Liberating Czar' enacted a whole series of fundamental changes including; comprehensive reform of the judicial system that finally introduced the unheard of idea of equality, trial by jury, public proceedings in legal matters and the impartiality of the courts. In the end though, none of these reforms really solved any of Russia's social or economic problems, eventually called the 'accursed questions'. These were taken up by the various political groups and writers of the time. The writers however were the most important. To Russians, the writer is not only looked upon as an artist of the word, but also as a guide and teacher in a deeper sense. The writer is supposed to understand life better than ordinary mortals, so it's his duty to impart this knowledge to others in appropriate shape and form. The reign of Alexander II was an age of great literary achievement, the 'Golden Age' of the Russian novel. Almost all of the great works of Russian fiction were produced during this time. The best minds were attracted to the novel, Turgenev, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky and Asakov all produced some of the greatest literary works of all time during this period. All of the writers during this time belonged to a political school of thought, and while some of the schools worked for similar aims, they were all different and each one possessed its own unique ideals. The Slavophiles were probably the oldest of the political schools at the time. The Slavophiles during the reign of Alexander II were of the second generation, and they were the ones to turn the Slavophile myth of old into a real modern political program. This program included the endorsement of the Orthodox religion and a patrimonial monarchy. The Slavophiles believed in the inherent virtue and goodness of the Russian people and culture. A main part of this culture was the ideal of 'sobornost', that is, the communal spirit. The Slavophiles saw this in action in the peasant communes, and believed that communalism in conjunction with Christian communal worship would become the source of Russia's sorely needed moral and cultural regeneration. In accordance with Russia's regeneration, Slavophiles saw the west as corrupt and immoral. They saw Russia's destiny as one in which it would save the west from spiritual decay. Fyodor Dostoevsky was Slavophilisms more down-to-earth and democratic member. He was also the movements' most effective proponent. In his book "Discourse on Pushkin", Dostoevsky describes the Slavophile position. The major opponents of the Slavophile position were the western influenced Nihilists. These leftist radicals rejected religion, the authority of the state, the family, social conventions and aesthetic values as irrelevant. They were highly influenced by Western Europe in their atheism and material positivism. They flaunted the social rules and conventions of the day, they wore dark sunglasses, men wore their hair long and the women short. They were also socialists, but unlike their Slavophile counterparts, they did not believe in a utopia. The nihilists had many sympathizers in

Road Workouts for Truck Drivers Part 1

Road Workouts for Truck Drivers Part 1 A sedentary lifestyle (even when your seat is covering miles of road each day) is  bad for your health. Combining regular exercise with healthy eating habits can help make up for the amount of time you spend sitting. The driving experts at RoadMaster have some great tips to get you up and running–or at least stretching often and walking briskly.Take Proper PrecautionsFirst, check with your doctor to make sure you don’t have any underlying health problems that could affect a new workout regimen. Whenever you’re trying something new, be especially aware of your form to maximize your workout’s effectiveness and safety.If your company has a training program or there’s a gym near home, see if you can set up a few meetings with a trainer who can observe your routine and make suggestions to improve it. Don’t forget to rest between workouts! Recovery is when your muscles rebuild after all that exertion.One of the great things about being on the roa d is that you don’t need a lot of gear to workout- you can push or pull on the giant immobile object that gets you from point A to point B!- just make sure you test the stability and functionality of any equipment before you put your weight on it.And Accessories like stretch bands, dumbbells, jump ropes, and even a yoga mat can fit easily in your cab.CardioCardiovascular workouts cover all manner of moving and shaking, from walking to jumping rope, running to a spin class. Target your legs, shoulders, back, core, and arms- and you’re strengthening your lungs and stamina too. If you’re out of shape, go easy as you gear up for a cardio workout. And remember, 30 minutes of steady walking will do you more good than a series of springs. Keep moving at a regular pace to raise your heart rate, and be sure rehydrate afterwards. You can find stretching and beginner yoga videos online to help you cool down and keep your muscles from stiffening right back up.Check out part 2 for mosre exercises you can take with you on your route!

Multicultural psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Multicultural psychology - Essay Example The recent film Syriana is perhaps the first mainstream American film to deal with Muslim culture in a three-dimensional manner. Despite this-or perhaps because of this-the film has been attacked by those on the right wing. Syriana is a multi-layered story that delineates the complexity of the global energy business and how it is affected both by western politics and religious faith. The backlash against the film by conservatives and big-business proponents probably has mostly to do with the painting of the American government as being far more interested in profits than democratic ideals. Perhaps the most surprising thing about the complaints against the film is that very little has been made about the utter humanization of the Muslim characters. The Muslim culture remains a mystery to most people in the West; films and television provide most of us with our only glimpse into how these people live. Syriana shows Muslim people throughout the strata of society, from those who run countries and industry down to the workers displaced by the Machiavellian international machinations behind oil production.

Personal and Professional Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal and Professional Practice - Essay Example People plagiarize because it looks like the easiest and quick thing to do when writing a project or even assignments. Author Ian Fleming wrote a novel with two of his colleagues, but he never mentioned them as co writers, he got sued by his colleagues and fined for plagiarism (Wainwright 2008, p.18). This amounted to plagiarism as he did not involve his counterparts in the final edition of the book yet they participated in its writing. Copying someone else’s work without their permission is plagiarism. A number of famous authors have become dodged with a number of controversies dealing with their books. Authors like Dan Brown and Lynda l Plante are just but examples of leading authors, who have battled court cases related to plagiarism (Arnold 2008). In order to avoid plagiarism in any of the work, one should be able to reference correctly all the ideas, materials, and theories that have been applied (Braniac 2012, p.6). Any individual reading your work should have the ability of telling exactly where the information is from. Read your work over and over again to  ensure that there is no plagiarism before handing in your assignment (Cottrell 2008, p. 41). . One should be able to reference directly, for example and also indirectly (Arnold 2008). One should be able to posses the knowledge of putting his or her own ideas in their assessment. In order to avoid plagiarism, one should use quotation marks, indirect referencing or at the same time, placing different ideas into your own personal words and including a reference at the end of each sentence (Cottrell 2008, p. 54). Referencing your work effectively and properly will prevent plagiarism from happening (Braniac 2012, p.6). Another way of avoiding plagiarism is by educating the students of the issue. Teachers should not assume that the students know what plagiarism is, even if they pretend to know what it is. The students should be provided with an explicit definition of plagiarism (Arnold 2008). Even when revising or paraphrasing another person’s words, or even just using their ideas, the author must still be given credit in a note (Wolff 2012, p.3). Ignoring crediting the appropriate authors, amount to lying. Students should include an annotated bibliography in their works. This should include a brief summary of the source, its location and also an evaluation about the importance of the source (Braniac 2012, p.6). Writers should be aware of the sources of the papers. Plagiarism detector should be used to check the levels of plagiarism (Wolff 2012, p.1). These detectors will enable the students prevent issues of plagiarism in their work or reports (Cottrell 2008, p. 28). Plagiarism is an offence; anyone doing it will be heavily punished. Bibliography Arnold, B, 2008, Caslon Analytics plagiarism incidents, Retrieved August 13, 2012, from http://www.caslon.com.au/plagiarismcasesnote.htm Braniac, A, 2012, How to Prevent Plagiarism, eHow, 6. Cottrell, S, 2008, The Study Skill s Handbook, New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Wainwright, M, 2008, Persaud suspended from practice for three months over plagiarism, The Guardian, 18. Wolff, J, 2012, Does plagiarism matter? Answer in your own words, The Guardian, 2-4. Personal and Professional Practice Name: Institution: Why is plagiarism viewed to be such a grave offence? Plagiarism is duplicating someone’s work claiming to be yours. People who commit plagiarism steal other

Young Peoples Following Social Media Trends

Young Peoples Following Social Media Trends RESEARCH TOPIC : SOCIAL MEDIA RESEARCH TITLE : STUDY ON THE REASONS YOUTH ARE PRONE TO BLINDLY FOLLOW TRENDS ON FACEBOOK. 1.0 Abstract In this digital era, social media plays an important role. It helps people to connect with their friends and family without geographical distance and time. Social media has changed the Malaysian sphere in all aspect of life. Yet, it also has their influences towards youth through social networking site, for example, Facebook. This research examines the reason of youth was prone to blindly follow trends on Facebook, specifically in Malaysia. Through this research, it will investigate the reason of youth follow trends blindly and how this trend affects their life or friends and family members. 2.0 Introduction Facebook was officially established in February 2004 and it was founded by Mark Zuckerberg at the age of 20 (Phillips, 2007). Facebook, a social networking site is a second most visited website after Google, with more than half of the member checking in at least once a day (Gilsdorf, as cited in Freeman, 2011, p. 2). Facebook, announced that average referral traffic from Facebook to media sites has increased by over 170%, almost tripled, in the past year (Colwyn, 2013). It’s not only a popular trend to log in to the Facebook, it is also a way to connect people all around the world. Facebook is used to hold a closer relationship between people, friends and family members by photos and statuses uploaded on Facebook by appearing in the â€Å"Newsfeed†, which is a feature that will automatically notify user with their friends’ posts and updates (Freeman, 2011). Therefore, whenever users’ friends post status on Facebook, they can immediately receive it through their â€Å"Newsfeed†. However, users’ may misuse this social networking by following popular trend on Facebook. The aim of this study is to find out the reasons the youth are prone to blindly follow trends on Facebook. One of the trend that followed by the youth is committing suicide after posting status on Facebook and another trend that followed by youth is based on political news and issues. In 2010, Alviss Kong committed suicide by jumping off from 14th floor from the apartment he stayed, in Cheras, Kuala Lumpur after posting the last status, counting down on Facebook, the status at 11.15pm read â€Å"Count Down For 45mins..What should I do in this 45mins?† (Bedi, 2010). Two months after Alviss Kong committed suicide, another 17 years old school student jumped off from 2nd floor of the school building after posting a status few days before that she wanted to take back her own life (Lam, 2011). After finding out the reasons behind these cases, parents should take action and always aware w ith their children’s activities and social life. The strong family bonding may reduce the happening of the similar cases. Next, youth will share news regarding politics being spread by certain parties without being filtered. The positive view of this issue is that, it encourages transparency in political field. Since the traditional media are fully being controlled by the government, the opposition spread news through new media, and one of it will be Facebook. Videos and news about politics are being spread vulgarly on Facebook and it eventually caused the Barisan Nasional (BN) to suffer unusual losses to the opposition’s parties which included the Democratic Action Party (DAP), People Justice Party (PKR) and Pan-Islamic Party (PAS) by losing the states of Penang, Selangor, Perak, Kedah and Kelantan (Muniandy Muniandy, 2013). The negative view of this issue will be, the youth sharing unfiltered, hoax and unreliable news about politics and sometimes it is from a not reliable sources may cause chaos to the country. This trend is able to bring the interest of the youth towards politics. The youth i s the one we are hoping for in the future for our country. Their interest towards politics is rather important. Nevertheless, they should be trained to know how to differentiate true and fake news and whether the sources are reliable. 3.0 Significant of Study This study will be a significant endeavor in awareness raising among teenagers. This will prevent them to be the next victim. Besides that, it also decreases the suicide rate in Malaysia. 4.0 Research Objectives The objectives of this study is to investigate the reasons of teenagers following Facebook’s trends blindly and how these trends will affect their future life. This may even affect their family members and people around them. 5.0 Research Questions 1. Why do they follow these trends blindly? 2. To what extent will these actions have influence their life? 6.0 Literature Reviews Social media has branched and enrooted itself into the daily life of most people, since the advent of it. According to (Nistad, 2013), social medias are tools that can establish relationships and form interactions between people across the internet. Facebook, is a widely popular social networking site worldwide. Based on a survey done, in Malaysia, among 98 respondents almost all of them have Facebook accounts while half of them said that they used Facebook everyday (Abdul Jalil, as cited in Muniandy Muniandy, 2013). In the past ten years, since the establishment of Facebook, we have witnessed different types of trends on Facebook among its users in Malaysia. In this study, we aim to determine reasons why youth are prone to be influenced and tend to follow these trends blindly. The two main trends we would be looking into is the suicide trend, and another is about the trend of sharing political issues and news, even though some of it maybe hoax. Compared to grown-ups, youths are more easily influenced into making bad decisions, and involving themselves in dangerous behaviours, because they are still naive and have a less developed mind (Scott Steinberg, 2008). Hence, it is important that youths are always monitored for any unusual behaviours. For example, the very hot issue back then in 2010 was the suicide case of 22 year-old Malaysian youth, Alviss Kong, who jumped of the apartment building after the break-up with his girlfriend. When he posted his status on Facebook about his suicide intentions, nobody took this seriously except his sister, but he assured her that he was joking. Would things be different, if, only if his peers or even his ex-girlfriend had talked him out of it? Or maybe encouraged him that he still has a long, bright future ahead of him? Or was it the society that actually led to this tragedy? A few weeks later, another 17 year-old girl jumped off her school building after a suicidal post on her Facebook a few days earlier. Could she have been influenced by Alviss Kong’s case? Because in some comments left by young internet users, they see his actions as a â€Å"heroic† action, by ending his life dramatically, and gaining the spotlight of the society (Lim, 2010). It is these comments that actually reflect what influence Facebook has on youths today, in this case it is worrying, since many view suicide as heroic. These foolish and selfish actions of suicide brings side effects to family members of the deceived, as well as people around them. For example, Alviss Kong’s parents faced more grieved because his case was magnified, with his suicidal Facebook post. His ex-girlfriend was being blamed by certain parties for inflicting his suicidal thoughts. Besides that, unformed identity is also one of the reasons youths are prone to be influenced by trends on the social media like Facebook, due to the fact that those trends are created by their peers and people around them. They also easily give in to peer pressure because they are still in the journey of developing their own identity (Scott Steinberg, 2008), and their stand in the society and political views. In Malaysia, the opposition coalition made optimum use of social media, especially Facebook to reach out, and to disseminate their ideology to potential voters (Muniandy Muniandy, 2013). This has helped them to win the ruling power of 5 states in Malaysia, namingly Kedah, Kelantan, Penang, Perak, and Selangor, during the March 2008 General Election. Many young Facebook users tend to believe political news from Facebook because most of the traditional media is controlled or privatized, and owned by people related to Barisan National, the ruling coalition of Malaysia (Seneviratne, 2007 as cited in Muniandy Muniandy, 2013). Of course, it is trustworthy if the news came from official pages of the opposition parties. So, when one of them starts sharing these news and issues, almost all will follow to do so because of peer influences. However, youths must be aware of fake and misleading informations, and they should be able to analyze the accuracy of a certain news, not just believing ev erything on Facebook without thinking wisely. Hoax may cause these youths to be too extreme in their political stand due to the fact that the unfiltered and uncensored information they are receiving on Facebook are actually created by strong supporters of either political parties. That is why, to a certain extent, it is a good that medias are filtered before sensitive informations are leaked out to the public that may cause chaos and unstabality of a country. 7.0 Methodology To ensure this research will obtain its necessary finding, both qualitative and quantitative research will be used. Quantitative research through survey distribution is used to obtain information. This survey will be conducted in online method as it is the most appropriate medium for mass analysis and to collect mass statistic in order to measure and acquire the needed conclusion. We have set 16 to 24 years old youth, who are the active Facebook users as our target audience. This group of target audience must have at least 1000 followers in their Facebook account because this shows they have more influence potential. We will ask the questions about the categories of the posts, photos that they shared, the averages of the ‘like’ that they gained in each post or photo, the number of followers and others. By using this method, we can analyze the data of the power of influences among the youth. We also will know the type of message that influences youth the most. Qualitative research will also be utilized through interview to further acquire in-depth findings for this research and to obtain quality data. The respondents of this interview are randomly picked. We will ask for permission before the interview will be conducted. In this interview, we will ask them about the opinions, feelings and motives when they spreading or following the messages which they saw on Facebook. Besides, we also will ask them about how they judge or analysis the credibility of the messages on Facebook. It is important that the qualitative interviews are used to identify and collect information regarding their experience in using Facebook. We can do analysis and find out the answer for our research. 8.0 References Bedi, R.S. (2010, December 19) Heartbreak in Facebook world. The Star Online. Retrieved 21 March 2014 from http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx/?file=%2f2010%2f12%2f19%2fnation%2f7647966sec=nation Colwyn, S. (2013, December 3) Facebook pushing quality content to the top on its newsfeed. Retrieved 24 February 2014 from http://www.smartinsights.com/social-media- marketing/facebook-marketing/new-facebook-feature-newsfeed-content changes/ Freeman, L. K. (2011). Wall of me: Facebook self-disclosure and partner responsiveness resulting in confirmation or violation expectations and consequences for intimacy and relationships. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved 18 February 2014 from http://media.proquest.com.libezp.utar.edu.my Lam, J. (2011, February 24) Malaysia: Suicide a Rising Problem. Global Voices. Retrieved21 March 2014 from http://globalvoicesonline.org/2011/02/24/malaysia-suicide- a-rising-problem/ Muniandy, L., Muniandy B., (2013). The impact of social media in social and poitical aspects in Malaysia: An overview. International Journals of Humanities and Social Science, 3(11), 71-75. Retrieved 21 March 2014 from http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_3_No_11_June_2013/8.pdf Phillips, S. (2007, July 25). A brief history of Facebook. The Guardian. Retrieved 21 March 2014 from http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2007/jul/25/media.newmedia Nistad, S. A. (2013). The Age of You: How to Understand and Benefit from Social Media and the Connected Society. Retrieved from 21 March 2014 http://books.google.com.my/books?id=Ivl03knZT14Cdq=definition+of+social+mediumsource=gbs_navlinks_s Scott, E. Steinberg, L. (2008). Adolescent development and the regulation of youth crime. Retrieved from 21 March 2014 http://futureofchildren.org/futureofchildren/publications/highlights/18_02_Highlights_01.pdf Bedi, R. S. (2010, December 19). Heartbreak in Facebook world. The Star Online. Retrieved from 21 March 2014 http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx/?file=/2010/12/19/nation/7647966sec=nation Lim, S. G. (2010). Youths lost in cyberspace. Retrieved from 21 March 2014 http://www.edvantage.com.sg/content/youths-lost-cyberspace Muniandy, L. Muniandy, B. (2013). The impact of social media in social and political aspects in Malaysia: An overview. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3, 11. 1